Drew D. Hansen’s book, The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Speech That Inspired a Nation is a fascinating examination of King’s iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. Hansen presents the human story behind MLK’s spectacular address, rescuing the speech -- as King -- from their mythic pedestal.
King famously disregarded his notes that August day in 1963 when he came to the “I have a dream” portion of his speech, spoken spontaneously. Hansen shows, however, that King’s poetic words had been in his creative arsenal for some time. They were the products of references he had gathered over the years, variations of which he had already used in sermons before black church audiences in the South.
The most interesting aspect of Hansen’s book is the detective work he did in tracing the origins of King’s references. King’s writing and oratorical style was influenced by other theologians and poetry, but most of all, by the King James Bible.
Hansen lists several Bible verses, from which King drew allusions, in his famous speech. Psalm, Isaiah, Matthew…the speech drew from a rich array of scriptural sources. Hansen juxtaposes King’s metaphors with their Biblical sources. King quoted directly from Amos 5:24, with the words “justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.”
The “I have a dream” phrase could have been derived from several Biblical passages to a “dream” or “vision” in the Old Testament. But it also could have been lifted from things he had heard from people in his congregation, as well as from a religious vision King described having around the time of the Montgomery, Ala. Bus boycott in 1956.
“’I had a vision’ could easily have become ‘I had a dream,” Hansen writes.
The image of King delivering an emotional plea for interracial brotherhood upon the steps of the Lincoln Memorial is the defining moment of the Civil Rights Era. However, as Hansen shows, the iconography of the moment has led to a watered-down version of the Civil Rights Movement.
Today on MLK Day, politicians can point to the federal legislation that ended Jim Crow in the South and say King’s dream has come true. Mission accomplished. The mythology surrounding the “I have a dream” King glosses over his final years and the battles he didn’t win. Hansen reminds us that the full history isn’t so neat and tidy.
“Remembering King through the ‘I Have a Dream’ speech allowed the nation to tell itself a comforting, but inaccurate story about King’s legacy,” Hansen writes.
The Black Power moment sprang from growing discontentment with King’s philosophy of non-violence and interracial brotherhood. King’s successes in the South had not carried over into solving the more subtle effects of racism found in the inner city slums of cities like Chicago and Detroit. A new crop of African-American leaders mocked King for having a “dream,” while they were living a nightmare.
By the late ‘60s, King had broadened his mission, speaking out against poverty and the Vietnam War. Today, King’s vision of an age free of income inequality and imperialism remain the part of his dream that has been deferred.
Hansen places King’s dream in context. He acknowledges that in ways it remains unfulfilled, yet reminds us of the gratitude we should feel for the miracles that MLK and thousands of Civil Rights workers have helped accomplish.
“In just under a decade, the civil rights movement brought down a system that had stood essentially unaltered since Reconstruction,” Hansen writes. “King’s dreams of an America free from racial discrimination are still some distance away, but it is astounding how far the nation has come since that hot August day in 1963.”
Hopefully, this history will provide hope in the work still before us.
